Governments often adopt certain policies in order to promote desired behavior among their citizens. For each of the following policies, determine what the incentive is and what behavior the government wishes to promote. In each case, why do you think that the government might wish to change people's behavior, rather than allow their actions to be solely determined by individual choice?a. A tax of $5$ per pack is imposed on cigarettes.b. The government pays parents \ 100$ when their child is vaccinated for measles.c. The government pays college students to tutor children from low-income families.d. The government imposes a tax on the amount of air pollution that a company discharges.

Key Concepts: Government Policies, Incentives, Desired Behavior, Taxation, Subsidies, Externalities Explanation: In this question, we are asked to identify the incentives and behaviors that the government wishes to promote for various policies. We are also asked to explain why the government might want to change people's behavior rather than allowing individual choice. Step by Step Solution: Step 1. a. A tax of 5 per pack is imposed on cigarettes.\nIncentive: to discourage people from smoking cigarettes by making them more expensive.\nDesired behavior: to reduce the consumption of cigarettes and improve public health.\nThe government might want to change people's behavior in this case because smoking leads to negative externalities, such as increased healthcare costs and decreased life expectancy. By reducing smoking, the government can reduce these negative externalities and improve public health. Step 2. b. The government pays parents 100 when their child is vaccinated for measles.\nIncentive: to encourage parents to vaccinate their children for measles.\nDesired behavior: to increase the number of children who receive vaccinations for measles.\nThe government might want to change people's behavior in this case because vaccinating children for measles can reduce the spread of the disease and protect public health. Furthermore, the government may believe that the benefits of vaccinating children for measles outweigh the costs. Step 3. c. The government pays college students to tutor children from low-income families.\nIncentive: to encourage college students to become tutors for children from low-income families.\nDesired behavior: to increase the number of college students who become tutors for children from low-income families.\nThe government might want to change people's behavior in this case because tutoring can improve educational outcomes for children from low-income families, which can lead to better job opportunities and economic growth in the long run. The government may believe that the benefits of encouraging college students to become tutors outweigh the costs. Step 4. d. The government imposes a tax on the amount of air pollution that a company discharges.\nIncentive: to discourage companies from polluting the air by making it more expensive to do so.\nDesired behavior: to reduce the amount of air pollution that companies discharge.\nThe government might want to change people's behavior in this case because air pollution leads to negative externalities, such as increased healthcare costs and decreased quality of life. By reducing air pollution, the government can reduce these negative externalities and improve public health.