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What will be the DNA content and number of chromosomes in a cell after

What will be the DNA content and number of chromosomes in a cell after S-phase as compared to the gamete of the same organism?

  1. Same DNA content, but double chromosome number
  2. Four times DNA content, but double chromosome number
  3. Same DNA content, but half chromosome number
  4. Half DNA content, but double chromosome number
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Question 1
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If one examines each requirement one by one, because of rule of base pairing and complementarity, both the nucleic acids (DNA and RNA) have the ability to direct their duplications. The other molecules in the living system, such as proteins fail to fulfill first criteria itself.
  1. The genetic material should be-stable enough not to change with different stages of life cycle, age or with change in physiology, of the organism. Stability as one of the properties of genetic material was very evident in Griffith's 'transforming principle' itself that heat, which killed the bacteria, at least did not destroy some of the properties bf genetic material. This now can easily be explained in light of the DNA that the two strands being complementary if separated by heating come together, when appropriate conditions are provided. Further, - group present at every nucleotide in RNA is a reactive group and makes RNAlabile and easily degradable. RNA is also now known to be catalytic, hence reactive. Therefore, DNA chemically is less reactive and structurally more stable when compared to RNA. Therefore, among the two nucleic acids, the DNA is a better genetic material.
  2. In fact, the presence of thymine at the place of uracil also confers additional stability to DNA. (Detailed discussion about this requires understanding of the process of repair in DNA, and you will study these processes in higher classes.)
  3. Both DNA and RNA are able to mutate. In fact, RNA being unstable, mutate at a faster rate. Consequently, viruses having RNA genome and having shorter life span mutate and evolve faster.
  4. RNA can directly code for the synthesis of proteins, hence can easily express the characters. DNA, however, is dependent on RNA for synthesis of proteins. The protein synthesising machinery has evolved around RNA. The above discussion indicate that both RNA and DNA can function as
Question 4
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Inhibition of Enzyme Activity Any substance that can diminish the velocity of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction is called an inhibitor. Reversible inhibitors bind to enzymes through non-covalent bonds. Dilution of the enzyme-inhibitor complex results in dissociation of the reversibly-bound inhibitor and recovery of enzyme activity. Irreversible inhibition occurs when an inhibited enzyme does not regain activity upon dilution of the enzyme-inhibitor complex. Some irreversible inhibitors act by forming covalent bonds with specific groups of enzymes; for example, the neurotoxic effects. of certain insecticides are due to their irreversible binding at the catalytic site of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase. The two most commonly encountered types of inhibition are competitive and noncompetitive. A. Competitive inhibition :This type of inhibition occurs when the inhibitor binds reversibly to the same site that the substrate would normally occupy and, therefore, competes with the substrate for that site. 1. Effect on : The effect of a competitive inhibitor is reversed by increasing [S]. At a sufficiently high substrate concentration, the reaction velocity reaches the observed in the absence of inhibitor. 2. Effect on A competitive inhibitor increases the apparent for a given substrate. This means that in the presence of a competitive inhibitor more substrate is needed to achieve e.g., Inhibition of alcohol dehydrogenase by ethanol in methanol poisoning, sulpha drugs for folic acid synthesis in bacteria and inhibition of succinic dehydrogenase by Malonate and oxaloacetate.
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Question Text
What will be the DNA content and number of chromosomes in a cell after S-phase as compared to the gamete of the same organism?
Updated OnNov 10, 2022
TopicGenetics and Evolution
SubjectBiology
ClassClass 11
Answer Type Video solution: 2
Upvotes217
Avg. Video Duration5 min