Uniformitarianism explains that a paradigm shift occurred in 543 that moved our way of thinking from Geocentric Ptolemaic cosmology to heliocentric Copernican cosmology. The Earth is very old, but the landforms we can see were created by natural processes we can still observe today. Animal species are different in different parts of the world, even if they live in similar habitats. Similarities in skeletal structures that are observed in animals, such as humans and whales, are due to a shared common ancestry.

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