Question 24 (t point): Consider the following two patients - an 85-year-old patient with cardiovascular disease and a young and 18-year-old with good circulation. When comparing blood flow to the kidneys in these patients (renal perfusion), the following observations were found. In the 18-year-old, blood flow through the main renal arteries exhibited laminar flow. In the 85-year-old, the arteries showed a build-up of vascular plaques and the blood flow exhibited turbulent flow. Which of the following statements is most likely?

1. The 18-year-old requires a higher perfusion pressure than the 85-year-old to achieve the same level of blood flow through the kidney.
2. Blood flow through the kidney (or any organ) does not relate to perfusion pressure or laminar and turbulent flow.
3. Both the 18-year-old and the 85-year-old require the same perfusion pressure to achieve the same level of blood flow through the kidney.
4. The 85-year-old requires a higher perfusion pressure than the 18-year-old to achieve the same level of blood flow through the kidney.

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