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Explain the steps involved in the formation of root nodule. [AP17,19,1

Explain the steps involved in the formation of root nodule. Steps involved in the formation of root nodule:

  1. The roots of host Legume release sugars and amino acids.
  2. These sugars attract Rhizobia.
  3. They multiply, colonise and get attached to the epidermis of root hair cells.
  4. The root hairs curl and bacteria spread into the cortex of the root.
  5. Then an infection thread is produced.
  6. It carries the bacteria into the cortex.
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(4) Amplification of Gene of Interest using PCR: Another technique that revolutionised the field of biotechnology is PCR. PCR stands for Polymerase Chain Reaction. Arguably, the PCR machine has recently become indispensable to biological research as the light microscope was some 100 years ago. The idea of PCR was born only in the early 1970's but it took more than a decade before American biochemist Kary Mullis tumed the idea into reality. PCR enables the production, or amplification of billions of copies of an original piece of DNA in a tube within minutes or hours not days. How PCR Works? Basically. PCR is DNA replication on a grander scale. The polymerase chain reaction relies on the use of several essential chemical ingredients, including the following : - A DNA polymerase : A major limitation of early PCR method was that fresh DNA polymerase had to be added during every cycle. This repetitive step was not just tedious, but it also greatly increased the likelihood of error. Mullis and colleagues addressed this deficiency just a year later when they demonstrated how a particular type of thermostable DNA polymerase often referred to by its popular nickname 'Taq polymerase', a heat-resistant enzyme isolated from the bacterium Thermus aquaticus, eliminated the need to add fresh polymerase during life cycle. Thermus aquaticus is a thermophilic bacterium that can survive temperatures up to . In fact, its natural habitat is the hot spring ecosystem of Yellowstone National Park. This innovation greatly improved the quantity and quality of PCR products. - A small amount of DNA to serve as the initial template (nanograms). - The four types of deoxyribonucleotides to serve as substrates for the DNA polymerase and the raw ingredients for formation of new DNA molecules. - A few necessary ions and salts. - A pair of primers (small chemically synthesized oligonucleotides that are complementary to the regions of DNA) with exposed -OH groups that will bind to the particular sequence of interest in the DNA template. The DNA polymerases can only add new nucleotides to the end of a growing strand. They, therefore, require the presence of a primer to get started, because they cannot begin synthesis de novo. In fact, two primers are required - one to initiate replication of each of the two DNA strands i.e., forward primer and reverse primer.
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Question Text
Explain the steps involved in the formation of root nodule. Steps involved in the formation of root nodule:
Updated OnMar 13, 2023
TopicBiotechnology
SubjectBiology
ClassClass 12
Answer Type Video solution: 1
Upvotes110
Avg. Video Duration6 min