Question 1

Answer in one word or one line. (i) Give the common name of Periplanata americana.(ii) How many spermathecae are found in earthworm?(iii) What is the position of ovaries in cockroach?(iv) How many segments are present in the abdomen of cockroach?(v) Where do you find Malpighian tubules?

Accepted Answer

(i) The common name of Periplanata americana is the American cockroach.(ii) Four pairs of spermathecae are present between sixth and the ninth segments. They help in receiving and storing the spermatozoa during copulation.(iii) The female reproductive system of cockroach consists of two large ovaries. The ovaries lie laterally in the 12th and 13th segments. Each ovary is formed of a group of eight ovarian tubules or ovarioles. They contain a chain of developing ova. Oviducts from each ovary unite into a single median oviduct.(iv) The abdomen consists of 10 segments. In females, the 7th segment is boat shaped. The 7th sternum; together with the 8th and 9th sterna; forms a brood or genital part. In both sexes, the 10th segment bears of pair of jointed filamentous structures called anal cerci.(v) The Malpighian tubule system is a type of excretory and osmoregulatory system found in some insects, myriapods, arachnids, and tardigrades. The system consists of branching tubules extending from the alimentary canal that absorbs solutes, water, and wastes from the surrounding hemolymph. These tubules are found in cockroaches.

Question 2

Answer the following:(i) What is the function of nephridia?(ii) How many types of nephridia are found in earthworm based on their location?

Accepted Answer

(i) Nephridia are segmentally arranged excretory organs present in earthworms.(ii) On the basis of their location, three types of nephridia are found in earthworms. They are :(a) Septal nephridia : These are present on both sides of the intersegmental septa behind the 15th segment and they open into the intestine.(b) Integumentary nephridia : These lie attached to the body wall from the third segment to the last segment, which opens on the body surface.(c) Pharyngeal nephridia : These are present as three paired tufts in fourth, fifth, and sixth segments.

Question 3

Distinguish between the followings(a) Prostomium and peristomium (b) Septal nephridium and pharyngeal nephridium

Accepted Answer

Prostomium :                                                          Prostomium is a small fleshy lobe, which overhangs the mouth of an earthworm. It helps the organism push into the soil and is sensory in function.Peristomium :The first body segment in the earthworm is called the peristomium. It surrounds the mouth opening.Septal nephridium :They are present on both sides of intersegmental septa behind the 15th segment and they open into the intestine.Pharyngeal nephridium :They are present as three paired tufts in the fourth, fifth, and sixth segments.

Question 4

What are the cellular components of blood?

Accepted Answer

Blood consists of blood plasma and blood cells. There are three types of blood cells- Red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets.

Question 5

What are the following and where do you find them in animal body?(a) Chondrocytes (b) Axons(c) Ciliated epithelium

Accepted Answer

Chondriocytes :They are cells of cartilages and are present in small cavities within the matrix secreted by them.Axons :They are long, slender projections of neurons that help in carrying nerve impulses away from the neuron body. Axons aggregate in bundles which make up the nerves.Ciliated epithelium :It consists of simple columnar or cuboidal epithelium with cilia on their free surfaces. It is present on the inner surface of the oviducts and bronchioles. Where it helps in the movement of eggs or mucus in specific directions.

Question 6

Describe various types of epithelial tissues with the help of labelled diagrams.

Accepted Answer

Epithelial tissue lines the surface of a body and forms a protective covering. Epithelium cells are packed tightly together with a little intercellular matrix.Epithelial tissue in the body is of two types - A. Simple epithelium: It consists of a single layer of cells where cells are in direct contact with the basement membrane. It is further sub-divided into the following types:(i) Simple squamous epithelium: It consists of a single layer of flat cells with irregular boundaries. It is found in the walls of the blood vessels and in the lining of alveoli.(ii) Simple cuboidal epithelium: It consists of a single layer of cube-like cells. It is present in regions where secretion and absorption of substances take place such as the proximal convoluted tubule region of the nephron.(iii) Simple columnar epithelium: It consists of a single layer of tall, slender cells with their nuclei present at the base of the cells. They may bear microvilli on the free surfaces. Columnar epithelium forms the lining of the stomach and intestines and is involved in the function of secretion and absorption.(iv) Ciliated epithelium: It consists of columnar or cuboidal cells with cilia on their free surfaces. They are present in bronchioles and oviducts from where they direct mucus and eggs in specific directions.(v) Glandular epithelium: It consists of columnar or cuboidal cells involved in the secretion of substances. Glands are of two types, unicellular glands (goblet cells of the alimentary canal) and multicellular glands (salivary glands). They can be classified as exocrine (ductless glands) and endocrine glands (duct glands) by the method through which they release their secretions.B. Compound epithelium: It consists of many layers of cells. It is involved mainly in the function of providing protection and has a limited role in secretion and absorption.Dry surface of the skin or moist inner lining of the buccal cavity, pharynx, pancreatic ducts and the inner lining of ducts of salivary glands are some of the examples of the compound epithelium.

Question 7

Distinguish between (a) Simple epithelium and compound epithelium(b) Cardiac muscle and striated muscle(c) Dense regular and dense irregular connective tissues (d) Adipose and blood tissues(e) Simple gland and compound gland

Accepted Answer

(a) The difference between simple epithelium and compound epithelium are given below: Simple EpitheliumCompound Epithelium  1. A single layer of epithelial cells resting on a basement membrane are called as simple epithelium.1. It consists of more than one layer. The innermost layer of cells is arranged on the basement membrane.  2. They are present in the secretory and absorptive surface. 2. They are not involved in secretory or absorptive functions. 3. It is not protective as it can't resist the damages due to mechanical or chemical abrasions. 3. Because of the multi-layered structure, they help in the protection of tissues below them. 4. Squamous, cubical, columnar epithelium, etc. 4. They may be transitional or stratified, i.e., stratified squamous epithelium.(b) The difference between Cardiac Muscle and Striated Muscle are given below : Cardiac Muscle Striated Muscle 1. Heart muscles are known as cardiac muscle. 1. Striated muscle is otherwise called as striped or skeletal muscle as it is attached to the skeleton. 2. These are short cells attached the head to tail. 2. These are long cells, present in bundles, enclosed in the sarcolemma. 3. Mitochondria and glycogen are more abundant. 3. Comparatively less. 4. Faint but light and dark bands. 4. Prominent regular strips of light and dark bands. 5. Cells are branched and connected to next cells by intercalated disc. 5. Unbranched cells without in interconnections.6. It is involuntary muscle.  6. It is voluntary muscle.(c) The difference between dense regular and dense irregular connective tissue are given below: Dense regular connective tissueDense irregular connective tissue 1. In dense regular connective tissues, collagen fibres are present in rows between parallel bundles of fibres. 1. In dense irregular connective tissues, fibres are arranged irregularly.2. They are present in tendons and ligaments. 2. They are present in the skin.(d) The difference between adipose and blood tissue are given below: Adipose tissue	 Blood tissue  1. It is composed of collagen fibres, elastin fibres, fibroblasts, macrophages, and adipocytes. 1. It is composed of RBCs, WBCs, platelets, and plasma. 2. It helps in the transportation of food, wastes, gases, and hormones. 2. It helps in the synthesis, storage, and metabolism of fats. 3. It is present beneath the skin. 3. It is present in the blood vessels.(e) The difference between simple gland and compound gland are given below: Simple Gland Compound Gland 1. Gland without branching duct is called as a simple gland.1. Gland with branched ducts called as the compound gland.  2. The glandular cells are arranged in the form of tubes or sacs. 2. The glandular cells are present in separate pockets which discharge their contents in an in the duct. 3. Sweat gland, oil gland. 3. Duodenal glands, pancreas, etc.

Question 8

Mark the odd one in each series.(a) Areolar tissue; blood; neuron; tendon(b) RBC; WBC; platelets; cartilage(c) Exocrine; endocrine; salivary gland; ligament(d) Maxilla; mandible; labrum; antennae(e) Protonema; mesothorax; metathorax; coxa

Accepted Answer

(a) Areolar tissue, blood, and tendons are examples of connective tissues. A neuron is an example of neural tissue.(b) RBCs, WBCs, and platelets are the three most important components of blood (fluid connective tissue) while cartilage is skeletal connective tissue.(c) Exocrine, endocrine, and salivary glands are examples of the simple glandular epithelium. The ligament is a connective tissue.(d) Maxilla, mandible, and labrum are mouth parts of a cockroach; white antennae are present in the head constituent of the region of cockroaches.(e) Prothorax, mesothorax and metathorax are parts of the thorax of cockroach and present in the legs of a cockroach. Protonema is usually a filamentous structure produced by the germination of the spore in mosses and certain related plants, and from which the leafy plant which bears the sexual organs arises as a lateral or terminal shoot.

Question 9

Match the terms in column I with those in column II.

Accepted Answer

The correct matching pairs are as follows: Column IColumn II (a) Compound epithelium(iii) Skin (b) Compound eye (iv) Mosaic vision (c) Septal nephridia (v) Earthworm (d) Open circulatory system (ii) Cockroach (e) Typhlosole (i) Alimentary canal (f) Osteocytes (vii) Bone (g) Genitalia   (vi) Phallomere

Question 10

Mention breifly about the circulatory system of earthworm.

Accepted Answer

Earthworm possesses a closed type of blood vascular system, as the blood flows through closed blood vessels. Blood is red in colour due to respiratory pigment haemoglobin. Prominent blood vessels in earthworm includes dorsal, ventral, sub- neural, lateral oesophageal and supra- oesophageal blood vessels. There are four pairs of tubular hearts, provided with valves. The anterior two pairs of hearts, known as lateral hearts lie in the 7th and 9th segments and connect the dorsal blood vessel with the ventral blood vessel. They receive blood from the dorsal blood vessel and convey it to the ventral blood vessel. The posterior two pairs of hearts are called latero-oesophageal hearts and are situated in the 12th and 13th segments. The latero-oesophageal hearts apart from connecting the dorsal and ventral blood vessels are also joined with the supra oesophageal blood vessel. Latero-oesophageal hearts carry blood from the dorsal vessel and the supra oesophageal vessel to the ventral blood vessel.Contractions keep blood circulating in one direction. Blood glands are present in the 4th, 5th and 6lh segments which produce blood cells and haemoglobin which is dissolved in blood plasma. Blood cells are phagocytic in nature.

Question 11

Mention the function of the following:(a) Ureters in frog(b) Malpighian tubules(c) Body wall in earthworm

Accepted Answer

(a) Ureters in frogs: A ureter acts as a urinogenital duct, which carries sperms along with urine in male frogs.(b) Malphigian tubules: Malphigian tubules are excretory organs in cockroaches.(c) Body wall in earthworms: In earthworms, the body wall consists of muscle layers. It helps in movement and burrowing.

Chapter 7 : Structural Organization in Animals