Taking examples under each category, discuss upstream and downstream processing.

The fermentation process is the basis of many industries in order to produce diverse products. Fermentation means a process in which microorganisms that are cultured on a large scale, convert a substrate into a product which is useful to human.
The fermentation process is divided into two stages namely- Upstream and downstream processing both of these processes can be discussed taking an example of citric acid production.

The upstream processing in biotechnology involves identifying a material. This forms the initial process of fermentation. It deals with inoculum preparation, preparation of culture media, scale up of the entire process and inoculation.
When the products are subjected to a series of processes including separation and purification of the product, it is collectively known as downstream processing. It deals with the post-harvest product, i.e., recovery-clarification, purification, polishing and formulation till the packaging of the desired product.