Question 1

What is bagging technique? How is it useful in a plant breeding programme?

Accepted Answer

Emasculation i.e. removal of anthers from the bisexual flowers is followed by covering the stigma with poly covers/butter paper to ensure pollination of stigma with pollen from desired plant only and to prevent self-pollination. Covering the stigma with bags is called the as bagging technique which helps to prevent contamination of stigma with undesired pollens as well as ensure pollination with pollens from desired male parent during breeding programme.

Question 2

What is meant by emasculation? When and why does a plant breeder employ this technique?

Accepted Answer

The process of removal of anthers from the flower is called as emasculation. It is done before dehiscence to prevent contamination of stigma with any undesired pollen and to ensure cross-pollination by desired pollens. Emasculation is useful in artificial hybridization to pollinate stigma with selected emasculated pollens only.

Question 3

Given below are the events that are observed in an artificial hybridization programme. Arrange them in the correct sequential order in which they are followed in the hybridization programme. (a) re-bagging; (b) selection of parents; (c) bagging; (d) dusting the pollen on stigma; (e) emasculation; (f) collection of pollen from male parent.

Accepted Answer

b; e; c; f; d and a.

Question 4

Explain the process of artificial hybridisation to get improved crop variety in (i) plants bearing bisexual flowers (ii) female parent producing unisexual flowers.

Accepted Answer

(i) First the anthers are removed from the flower bud before anther dehisces using a pair of forceps. This step is referred to as emasculation. Then emasculated flowers are covered with a bag made up of butter paper to prevent contamination of stigma with unwanted pollen. This process is called bagging. When the stigma of bagged flower attains receptivity, mature pollen grains collected from anthers of male parent are dusted on the stigma and the flowers are rebagged and the fruits allowed to develop.(ii) If the female parent produces unisexual flowers, there is no need for emasculation. The female flower buds are bagged before the flower opens. When the stigma become receptive pollination is carried out using the desired pollen and the flower is rebagged.

Question 5

While planning for an artificial hybridisation programme involving dioecious plants, which of the following steps would not be relevant?

Accepted Answer

If the female parent produces unisexual flowers, there is no need for emasculation.The female flower buds are bagged before the flowers open.

Question 6

The process of removal of anther from the flower bud before it dehisces is called as

Accepted Answer

The process of removal of anther from the flower bud before it dehisces is called as emasculation.

Question 7

Assertion (A) In artificial hybridisation, removal of anthers is the first step. Reason (R) It prevents contamination of anthers.

Accepted Answer

A is true, but R is false and R can be corrected asRemoval of anthers (emasculation) is done in artificial hybridisation as it prevents contamination of the pistil (female reproductive structure).

Question 8

Assertion: The first step in artificial hybridisation is removal of anthers. Reason: It prevents contamination of anthers.

Accepted Answer

Emasculation is done in hybridisation and female flower is bagged to prevent contamination.

Question 9

While planning for an artificial hybridisation programme involving dioecious plants, which of the following steps would not be relevant?

Accepted Answer

If the female parent produces unisexual flowers, there is no need for emasculation.The female flower buds are bagged before the flowers open.When the stigma becomes receptive, pollination is carried out using the desired pollen and the flower rebagged. This protects them from contamination by unwanted pollen grains.

Question 10

Given below are the events that are observed in an artificial hybridisation programme. Arrange them in the correct sequential order in which they are followed in the hybridisation programme

Accepted Answer

The correct sequential order of artificial hybridisation is as following(a) Selection of parents.(b)  Emasculation (removal of anthers from the flower bud before the anther dehisces).(c)  Bagging (process to cover the emasculated flower with a bag made up of butter paper).(d)  Collection of pollen from other male plant.(e)  Dusting of pollen on stigma. (f)   Re-bagging

Question 11

For artificial hybridisation experiment in bisexual flower, which of the sequences it correct?

Accepted Answer

The process of removal of immature anthers from the bisexual flowers is termed emasculation and these flowers are referred to as emasculated flowers. The term bagging refers to the process of covering the emasculated flowers or the stigma of bisexual flowers to avoid pollination by any unwanted pollen. The correct sequence is Selection of parents → Emasculation → Bagging → Collection of pollen from male parent → dusting the pollen grain on stigma → Re-bagging.

Question 12

Which of the following is false about emasculation?

Accepted Answer

Emasculation is a method in which anthers are removed from the flowers to prevent self-pollination.

Question 13

Emasculation is not required when flowers are -

Accepted Answer

Emasculation is done to prevent self-pollination and since unisexual have only one type of flowers, therefore only one gamete is produced so emasculation is not required here to prevent self-pollination.

Question 14

The purpose of bagging an emasculated flower in artificial hybridisation programme is

Accepted Answer

Removal of anthers from the bisexual flowers of female parent during hybridization is called Emasculation. it is meant for to prevent unknown cross pollination. These emasculated flowers are covered by porous polythene bags or paper bags. Bagging of the emasculated flowers during hybridization experiments is essential to prevent contamination of its stigma by undesired pollen grains.

Question 15

Which of the following statements is false?

Accepted Answer

The production of hybrid seeds involves a process of artificial hybridization that comes along with steps such as emasculation, bagging, raising of seedlings in nursery beds, etc. This process requires intensive labor and is also not feasible economically for all farmers.

Question 16

Why should a bisexual flower be emasculated and then bagged prior to artificial pollination in hybridisation programmes?

Accepted Answer

Emasculation of the flower is the removal of anthers from the plant. It is done by the use of a sterilized pair of forceps and then it is covered by polythene or any kind of bag which is known as bagging. This process is very necessary for the hybridisation as it stops the fall or different pollen of species.

Question 17

Bagging is done to

Accepted Answer

The emasculated flowers should be kept properly covered so that no untoward cross-pollination takes place. This is done by enclosing the emasculated flowers in muslin, oil paper or polythene bags.So the correct option is 'Prevent contamination from unwanted pollen'.

Question 18

Which of the following statement is incorrect about emasculation?

Accepted Answer

Emasculation is removal of anthers from the flower bud before the anther dehiscence in bisexual flowers.

Question 19

While planning for an artificial hybridization programme if the female parent have unisexual flowers, then which of the following steps would not be relevant?

Accepted Answer

Artificial hybridization is one of the major approaches of crop improvement programme. While planning for artificial hybridization programmes, if the female parent has unisexual flowers, then process of emasculation (removal of the anthers of a flower in order to prevent self-pollination or the undesirable pollination of neighbouring plants) does not relevant. The female flower buds are bagged before the flowers open. When the stigma becomes receptive, pollination is carried out using the desired pollen and the flower rebagged.

Question 20

For artificial hybridization experiment in bisexual flower, which of the following sequences is correct ?

Accepted Answer

Artificial hybridization is one of the major approaches of crop improvement program. The correct sequence in artificial hybridization experiment in bisexual flower is: Emasculation → Bagging → Cross-pollination → Rebagging.Emasculation is the removal of the anthers of a flower in order to prevent self-pollination or the undesirable pollination of neighbouring plants. After that emasculated male and female plants are kept in isolation by enclosing them in a bag in a process called bagging. When the stigma of bagged flowers attains receptivity, mature pollen grains collected from anthers of the male parent are dusted on the stigma, and the flowers are rebagged and the fruits allowed develop.

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